Correlation between the pivot node concept and fatigue crack closure

The study of fatigue crack growth has been commonly done by means of bi-dimensional models and assuming a homogeneous behaviour through the thickness. According to the specimen thickness, a state of plane stress or plane strain is presumed. However, recently, it has been shown that thickness effects influence the crack tip behaviour. These works have revealed a series of effects along the thickness with a strong influence on the crack front growth. One of the experimental evidences that can be explained as a direct consequence of these effects is the curvature of the crack. It is observed that when the crack advance, the crack front changes adopting a curved shape, growing faster at the interior than at the exterior. Two mechanisms can explain this effect: the first one is related to the crack closure effect near the surface. The second one, related to the plastic zone size decrement observed in a small region close to the surface, is due to ΔK being smaller near the surface than in the interior. Both mechanisms are difficult to evaluate separately. A series of works were devoted to study these effects. A research line has been focused in the analysis of the stress intensity factor distribution. These works evaluate the finite element model of an Al 2024-T35 compact tension specimen with no plastic wake effect introduced, according to the methodology developed by the authors. The three-dimensional behaviour in the vicinity of the crack front is simulated through numerical analysis with ANSYS code and J-integral method is used to determinate the curves of K evolution along the thickness. The main finding of these studies is that the distribution of K is not homogeneous. The overall values for the whole model accurately agree with the nominal K applied. The K profiles along the thickness are characterized by a series of parameters that allow us to analyze the distribution of K in terms of the expected Knom against variations of geometrical and external factors.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Key aspects in 3D fatigue crack closure numerical modelling

Since long time, fatigue crack closure has been studied by means of finite element models. Initially by bi-dimensional models and recently, due to the higher computational capabilities, the use of three-dimensional models has been extended, providing a wider comprehension of the problem. Starting with the methodology used for 2D cases, a specific methodology for 3D models has been developed. Key parameters affecting the model have been analyzed and recommendations have been established. The numerical accuracy is evaluated in terms of crack closure and opening values. They main issues studied are the material behaviour, the loading cycles and crack growth scheme, the contact simulation, the meshing and the element size at the crack tip and along the thickness, the plastic wake computed and the opening and closure definition considered. This paper summarises the main learning and recommendations from the latest numerical modelling experience of the authors.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Advances in the Analysis of Properties Behaviour of Cement-Based Grouts with High Substitution of Cement with Blast Furnace Slags

This article presents a study of the main properties (consistency, workability, leaching, unsoundness, and mechanical properties) of cement grouts prepared with cement replacement by blast furnace slag (GGBS). Mixtures have been analyzed in the absence of additives and reached high replacement percentages. As shown in the different tests presented, the observed evolution of the resistance and workability of the mixtures makes them very interesting for its application. Different types of cement (CEM-I 42.5 and CEM-I 52.5 R) and different water/binder values (1 and 0.67) are used. The results present opportunities for the steel industry by the intensive valorization of slag waste. The reduction of the use of cement in construction is also one of the key aims of this line of research. Results show improvements in the mechanical response with good fresh state properties for substitution percentages up to 70%. It is verified with leaching analysis that these products have less impact on the environmen

Organización de un programa de implantes cocleares

A cochlear implant (CI) programme brings together a number of professionals who, during the stages of selection, surgery, programming, rehabilitation and monitoring, develop a series of tasks aimed at promoting comprehensive attention to the implanted patient. The aim of this paper was to describe in detail the tasks in each of the phases described in a programme of CI, materials and necessary equipment and the role of the professionals involved. It also raised a number of recommendations on how to develop a CI programme gradually to facilitate the progression from the simplest to the mos

An estimate of the equilibrium interest rate in the United States and Germany

Artículo de revist

Identificación, caracterización y evaluación de competencias de pensamiento científico en profesores de ciencia en formación a través del enfrentamiento a la solución de problemas

El presente trabajo forma parte de una línea de investigación (Fondecyt 1110598) en el área de formación inicial de profesores de ciencia que pretende identificar, caracterizar y evaluar competencias de pensamiento científico (CPC) que desarrollan docentes de química y biología en formación. Nos propusimos analizar dicha noción y caracterizarla lo más densamente posible; comprender las diferentes formas en que se manifiesta y actúa respecto a la construcción de conocimiento profesional, la evaluación y los procesos formativos correspondientes; generando así líneas de base, a partir de las cuales se pudo estimar las transformaciones y desarrollos que van experimentando la 'profesionalidad temprana de los maestros' respecto a la promoción de CPC

Tipos de implantes activos de oído medio

Active middle ear implants are classified as piezoelectric implants, which use the properties of piezoelectric materials. There are two types of piezoelectric implants: monomorphic and dimorphic; electromagnetic transduction uses a magnet, usually a rare earth magnet (e.g. samarium cobalt) and an energizing coil. This magnetic field causes the magnet to vibrate, which in turn, through the tympanic-ossicular chain, causes movement of the cochlear fluids. Electromechanical transduction is a variation of electromagnetic transduction

Hearing Impairment and Quality of Life in Adults with Asymmetric Hearing Loss: Benefits of Bimodal Stimulation

Objectives: Bimodal stimulation for asymmetric hearing loss is an emerging treatment with proven audiometric outcomes. Our objectives are to assess the changes of the hearing impairment and the quality of life of patients treated with this type of stimulation, when compared to a unilateral Cochlear Implant (CI) stimulated condition. Materials and methods: 31 patients with asymmetric hearing loss (Group 1) were recruited for the study. They were divided into three groups, based on their hearing loss in the ear treated with the hearing aid: Group 1A (Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA) between 41 and 70 decibels (dB)); Group 1B, (PTA between 71 and 80 dB) and Group 1C (PTA between 81 and 90 dB). 30 patients had profound, bilateral hearing loss. Then, users of a unilateral cochlear implant were recruited for the control group. Their hearing impairment and quality of life were analyzed with questionnaires Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (APHAB), Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ) and the Health Utilities Index (HUI). They were followed up for at least 2 years. Results: The group with the asymmetric hearing loss obtains a statistically significant clinical improvement in the APHAB under category "with hearing aid" compared to "without hearing aid". The group with the asymmetric hearing loss benefits more across basically all variables compared with the control group in the SSQ. Group 1A obtains the best outcome of the sample in the HUI. Conclusion: Bimodal stimulation and better hearing in the ear treated with the hearing aid reduce hearing impairment and improve the quality of life

Comercio y transporte marítimo: el caso del Pacífico Suramericano

Este documento presenta los resultados preliminares de una investigación sobre el rol del transporte marítimo en los cambios de participación entre países suramericanos en su comercio con el Asia-Pacífico. La investigación enfoca el caso del tráfico de carga en contenedores por los principales puertos de la Costa Oeste de América del Sur (COAS). De conformidad con la literatura especializada, los factores analizados son tres: el marco regulatorio e institucional de la actividad marítimo-portuaria en cada país de la COAS; la situación actual de dichos puertos (en términos de infraestructura, costos, tamaño y perfil comercial) resultante de las inversiones realizadas por sus respectivos operadores; así como la conectividad de los mismos revelada por las rutas marítimas que utilizan las líneas navieras que transportan carga de la COAS. Los hallazgos indican que esos tres factores, especialmente el referido al trazo de las rutas marítimas, inciden grandemente en la distribución del comercio transpacífico entre países suramericanos